The added non-chant voice, the vox organalis, usually was transposed by a consonant interval with the chant line, the vox principalis. Most early organum used octaves, fourths and fifths as a result of the requirement for consonant harmonies. The vox organalis lines typically were not written down and instead were performed by trained singers who understood how to construct the simple harmonies "by ear.
This reinforcement was seen as more glorious or complex than one line alone, however, so musicians often used organum to highlight exceptional portions of the liturgy. Through the Medieval period, composers began to push previously-accepted musical boundaries to develop more complex "free" organum. A major development that happened not long after the first millennium was experimentation with oblique and contrary motion.
Simply so, what are the types of organum? Terms in this set 6 parallel organum. Secondly, what is a polyphony in music? In music , polyphony is a type of musical texture consisting of two or more simultaneous lines of independent melody, as opposed to a musical texture with just one voice, monophony, or a texture with one dominant melodic voice accompanied by chords, which is called homophony. New types of polyphony , called Aquitanian polyphony , appeared early in the 12th century in southern France and Spain.
When voices move in similar measured rhythm, the texture is called discant Polyphonic settings of Latin poems called versus are the earliest polyphony not based on chant. In its earliest stages, organum involved two musical voices: a Gregorian chant melody, and the same melody transposed by a consonant interval, usually a perfect fifth or fourth.
Over time, composers began to write added parts that were not just simple transpositions, thus creating true polyphony. Who created Organum? What is a parallel organum? Parallel organum is a style of composition based on plainsong or plainchant e. Gregorian chanting. Thus in larger texts, depending on how the words were set to music, syllabic parts no ligatures and is therefore non-modal end up as organum purum: the tenor sustains each single note of the chant over which the organal voice drapes a new florid line, written mostly in ligatures and compound neumes.
Starting from a consonant, mostly the octave, sometimes lead in by over 1, the duplum line explores the harmonious interplay with the tenor, building up to a change of harmony at the end of a melisma where another syllable is produced at a different pitch.
Where the Gregorian chant is no longer syllabic but uses ligatures and melismes, both voices proceed in a rhythmic mode. This section of discantus is concluded, on the last syllable of a word or phrase, by a copula, in which the tenor sustains either the penultimate or the last tone and the duplum switches back to a florid cadence, to conclude on a consonance. Thus in Organum duplum of Leonin these compositional idioms alternate throughout the complete polyphonic setting, which is concluded in monophonic chant for the last phrase.
Thus, recapitulating, three different styles in the organaliter section are alternated and linked according to the text, leaving the last part of the text to be sung choraliter in monophonic chant.
The verse of the chant is worked out according to the same principles. Emmeram Anonymous and Franco of Cologne to name a few, are not always as clear as could be desired, nevertheless, a lot of information can be distilled from the comparative research of their writings. Organum purum is one of three styles of organum, which is used in section where the chant is syllabic thus where the tenor can not be modal.
As soon as the chant uses ligatures, the tenor becomes modal and it will have become discant, which is the second form. The third form is copula Lat. In organa dupla the copula is very similar to a short, cadential organum purum section but in organa tripla or conducti it is seen that irregular notation is used. Either the last notes of ligatures are affixed with a plica which divides the notes in smaller values, or a series of disjunct rests is used in jolting succession in both parts, creating what is also called hocket.
Thus organum duplum on a texted chant as a Gradual, Responsory or the Verse of an Alleluia can be schematized as follows:. The above stated general principles have been used freely, as in Alleluia V. Main article: Notre Dame school Cultural and intellectual life flourished in Paris during the 12th century with the University of the Sorbonne having become a reputed institution that attracted many students, not all of them French.
Perotin further developed discantus in three part Organum Organum Triplum where both organal voices are in discantus. Note that organum purum is not possible in three-part organa, all three parts are modal and need to be organized according to the rhythmic modes.
Any conductus is a new composition on new texts and is always composed in the rhythmic modes. Perotin set several texts by Philippe le Chancelier, while some texts refer to contemporary events. Two-part conductus form the larger part, though conductus exist for one to four voices. Three and four part conductus are, by necessity, composed throughout in discantus style.
As in organa tripla, handling three voices or four precludes the kind of rhythmic freedom found in dupla. The texted parts can sometimes go beyond the modal measure and then fall back in to regular mode in the melismatic section. Again according to Anonymous IV, Perotin wrote a number of replacement clausulae from organa dupla by Leonin. As such it reminds of the prosulae that were composed, replacing a long melism in a chant with new, additional words.
This would have been the first instance of two different texts being sung in harmony. In turn, the motellus gave birth to the motet which is a poly-textual piece in discant, which obviously sparked a lot a creativity as it soon became a prolific form of composition.
The Organa that were created in Paris were disseminated throughout Europe. Chapter 3. Print This Page. The Norton Gradebook Instructors and students now have an easy way to track online quiz scores with the Norton Gradebook. About W. Norton W. Norton and Company , Inc.
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